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      "tests"
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  "schema_output": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.buck.ripple.output.json",
  "assumptions": [
    "Ideal CCM is assumed (not measured); valid when Iout > ΔI_L,pp/2",
    "dI_L_A and dV_out_V are peak-to-peak",
    "ΔV_C neglects ESR; capacitor-only ripple"
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "Ideal CCM is assumed, not measured — no Iout, so CCM/DCM is not certified",
    "ΔI_L_A and ΔV_out_V are peak-to-peak, not RMS or amplitude",
    "ΔV_out_V is capacitor-only (ESR=0); ESR and switching transients are neglected",
    "DCM, current-mode control dynamics, and non-ideal switch/diode drops are out of scope"
  ],
  "boundary_conditions": [
    "Vout≥Vin → VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
    "Vin, Vout, f, L ≤0 → VALUE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE",
    "C=0 if present → VALUE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Texas Instruments SLVA477B — Basic Calculation of a Buck Converter's Power Stage",
      "section": "Inductor ripple current; output capacitor C_OUT = ΔI_L/(8 f ΔV)",
      "url": "https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva477b/slva477b.pdf",
      "supports": "ΔI_L,pp = Vout(1−D)/(f L) and the 8fC capacitor relation",
      "kind": "reference",
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    {
      "title": "Analog Devices AN-1144 — Measuring Output Ripple and Switching Transients in Switching Regulators",
      "section": "Peak-to-peak ripple, triangular capacitor current, ESR contribution",
      "url": "https://www.analog.com/en/resources/app-notes/an-1144.html",
      "supports": "ΔI_L is peak-to-peak; ESR adds to capacitive ΔV",
      "kind": "reference",
      "publisher": "Analog Devices"
    },
    {
      "title": "Erickson / Maksimović — Fundamentals of Power Electronics",
      "section": "CCM buck inductor current ripple and output capacitor ΔV ≈ ΔI/(8fC)",
      "supports": "Ideal ESR=0 capacitor ripple estimate under triangular inductor current",
      "kind": "reference"
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  ],
  "methods": [],
  "fingerprint": "sha256:1927974088aa4a98fa7d13d6207fd67d80a32a55485475972c6dcfb22939db70",
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        "Vout_V": 5,
        "f_Hz": 100000,
        "L_H": 0.00001,
        "C_F": 0.0001
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      "expect": {
        "dI_L_A": 2.916666666666666
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      "expectWarning": null,
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        "Vin_V": 12,
        "Vout_V": 5,
        "f_Hz": 100000,
        "L_H": 0.00001,
        "D": 0.4166666666666667,
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        "C_F": 0.0001,
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      "tol": 1e-12
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        "I_ccm_boundary_A": 1.458333333333333
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        "Vout_V": 5,
        "f_Hz": 100000,
        "L_H": 0.00001,
        "D": 0.4166666666666667,
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        "I_ccm_boundary_A": 1.458333333333333,
        "C_F": 0.0001,
        "dV_out_V": 0.03645833333333333,
        "dV_over_Vout": 0.007291666666666666
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      "tol": 1e-12
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    {
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      "expect": {
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      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": {
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        "Vout_V": 5,
        "f_Hz": 100000,
        "L_H": 0.00001,
        "D": 0.4166666666666667,
        "dI_L_A": 2.916666666666666,
        "I_ccm_boundary_A": 1.458333333333333
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      "tol": 1e-12
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    {
      "id": "boundary-buck-vout-eq",
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        "Vout_V": 12,
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        "dV": 0.009114583333333332
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