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  "engine_build": "2026-09-10",
  "test_count": 11,
  "passed": 11,
  "failed": 0,
  "tests_summary": {
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      "total": 3,
      "passed": 3
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    "boundary": {
      "total": 6,
      "passed": 6
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    "property": {
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  "expert_reviewed": true,
  "internally_reviewed": false,
  "review_kind": "expert",
  "source_checked": true,
  "reviewed_by": "CalculatorX electrical review",
  "reviewer_role": "electrical-engineer",
  "last_reviewed": "2026-09-03",
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      "role": "electrical-engineer"
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      "assumptions",
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      "sources",
      "tests"
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  "page": "https://www.calculatorx.com/calc/electric/adc-error-budget",
  "api": "https://www.calculatorx.com/api/v1/calc/adc-error-budget",
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  "schema_output": "https://www.calculatorx.com/schemas/electrical.adc.error_budget.output.json",
  "assumptions": [
    "Gain, offset, INL, and DNL values are already referred to LSB.",
    "RSS assumes contributors can be treated as independent/uncorrelated.",
    "FSR_V represents the full ADC input span.",
    "CalculatorX includes DNL as a separate RSS/worst-case contributor. Some ADC datasheets define TUE using gain, offset, and INL only."
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "Static DC errors only.",
    "Quantization ±0.5 LSB is separate unless included in the INL/DNL terms you enter.",
    "CalculatorX includes DNL as a separate RSS/worst-case contributor. Some ADC datasheets define TUE using gain, offset, and INL only."
  ],
  "boundary_conditions": [
    "n_bits not an integer → VALUE_MUST_BE_INTEGER",
    "n_bits∉1…32 → VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
    "FSR≤0 → VALUE_MUST_BE_POSITIVE",
    "combine not rss|worst_case → INVALID_MODE"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "IEEE Std 1241 — ADC terminology",
      "section": "Gain, offset, INL, DNL",
      "supports": "ADC gain / offset / INL / DNL terminology",
      "kind": "standard"
    },
    {
      "title": "TI SLAA587 — ADC Performance Parameters",
      "section": "Total unadjusted error (TUE)",
      "url": "https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slaa587",
      "supports": "RSS Total Unadjusted Error methodology",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-03"
    },
    {
      "title": "Analog Devices — The ABCs of Analog-to-Digital Converters",
      "section": "How ADC errors affect system performance",
      "url": "https://www.analog.com/en/resources/technical-articles/the-abcs-of-analog-to-digital-converters-how-adc-errors-affect-system-performance.html",
      "supports": "RSS / worst-case error-budget interpretation; INL related to accumulated DNL",
      "kind": "reference",
      "accessed": "2026-09-03"
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  "fingerprint": "sha256:7223200bb31f9c768edc3b8bcd4d3b69bd7d0eac85a0c46ddb757502c253dfab",
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        "offset_err_LSB": 0.5,
        "inl_LSB": 1,
        "dnl_LSB": 0.5,
        "combine": "rss"
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        "LSB_V": 0.0008056640625
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      "expectWarning": null,
      "actual": {
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        "codes": 4096,
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      "tol": 1e-9
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        "combine": "worst_case"
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        "codes": 1024,
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        "gain_err_LSB": 0,
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        "err_V": 0,
        "err_pct_FS": 0
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      "tol": 1e-12
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      "id": "bad-bits",
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      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "n_bits": 0,
        "FSR_V": 5
      },
      "expectError": "VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "code": "VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "error": "n_bits must be in 1…32"
    },
    {
      "id": "bad-bits-frac",
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      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
        "n_bits": 12.5,
        "FSR_V": 5
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      "expectError": "VALUE_MUST_BE_INTEGER",
      "code": "VALUE_MUST_BE_INTEGER",
      "error": "n_bits must be an integer"
    },
    {
      "id": "bad-bits-high",
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      "kind": "boundary",
      "inputs": {
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      },
      "expectError": "VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
      "code": "VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE",
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    },
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      "inputs": {
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        "combine": "mode"
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